In the nuclear accident, high doses of nuclear radiation may lead to instant and unpredictable injury. In the emergency treatment of radiation casualties, it is very difficult to assess the injury and carry out treatment programs because of the uncertainty of actual individual radiation dose. Therefore this article focuses on the progress of the following: radiation-sensitive gene expression changes can be used to evaluate the radiation dose of the wounded; bone marrow immune imaging can be used to dynamically assess the reconstruction of the bone marrow hematopoietic function; radiation damaged bone marrow of nude mice can be reconstructed by bone marrow transplantation, while this model can establish foundation for the preclinical study of casualties’ bone marrow transplantation.Cited